Latest News
Amazing Research: Why Black Holes Are Black
Black Holes: Why They Are Black, How They Are Found, And What Quasars Have To Do With It
Black Holes
Black holes are one of the most mysterious objects in the universe. Together with astrophysicist Sergey Popov, we figure out what it is and why telescopes from all over the world are needed to shoot them
What Is A Black Hole?
A black hole is an area inside space with gravity so strong that it sucks in everything around it, including light. RAS professor Sergei Popov explains that black holes do not have one clear definition, and even this is one of the options. If you ask different scientists – astrophysicists and physicists – they will approach the answer from different angles. There are encyclopedic dictionaries that fix definitions and give specific answers, but there is no single correct formulation.
Sergei himself defines black holes as the most compact object that does not exhibit surface properties. And the size of this object corresponds to the Schwarzschild radius – the distance from the center of the body to the event horizon. Where the event horizon is the “point of no return” or the boundary of the black hole.
Each object has its own Schwarzschild radius, which can be calculated. If you compress any object to this radius, it will turn into a black hole. Relatively speaking, if we wanted to compress the Sun and transform it into a black hole, its radius would be only 3 km, while the initial one was about 700 thousand km.
The phrase “black hole” itself is just a well-thought-out designation. Kind of like the Big Bang. The very idea of black holes arose at the end of the 18th century. Then they were called differently: there were variants of “frozen stars” or “collapsars”. But in the end, science journalist Ann Ewing came up with the term.
Visualization of a black hole (Photo: NASA)
Sergei says that some phrase often takes root in science precisely because it is convenient. A hole – because if something gets in, it can’t get back out. And black – because by itself this object emits nothing or practically nothing. If we imagine an empty Universe, black space, and place a black hole there, then it will be impossible to see it. She does not stand out against the background of this blackness.
Black Holes As A Region Of Space-Time
Black holes are also defined as a region of space-time. Sergey Popov explains that all modern theories of gravity are geometric theories. They describe gravity as a property of space and time. It means that between space and time you can make an equation, these are interrelated quantities.
Since the beginning of the 20th century, from the first works of Einstein on the theory of relativity, space and time have been united into a certain entity. Any bodies, not only massive but also the smallest, bend the space around them and at the same time affect the course of time. Modern measurements make it possible to determine that in one place time goes differently than in another. You can experiment and find this difference.
Black Holes
A black hole is an extreme way of influencing space – when so much matter or energy was collected in one place that space-time collapsed and formed a specific region. You can say that a black hole is an object, but from the everyday point of view, an object is something that has a surface.
If you walk through a completely dark room, you can stumble upon a table, it will be an object with a start at a specific point. If you fall into a black hole in a completely dark room or blindfolded, it is impossible to notice its border. Because there is no solid surface, a person will immediately find himself inside this area.
Sergey compares such a transition with state or regional borders. If you walk through the forest from one country to another, then without signs and maps it is impossible to notice at what point one state ends and another begins. The forest in Finland is no different from the forest in Russia, and there is no clear boundary to stumble upon. And a black hole is a region where the mass has folded space-time, and as a result, no objects can leave it as soon as they cross the boundary. Everything that got there will forever remain beyond the horizon.
Black holes are interesting primarily as extreme objects. This is the most twisted space-time, and many effects become more noticeable near black holes. Fundamentally new physical phenomena begin to appear.
Black Holes
Gravity theory seeks to get as close as possible to these extreme objects. Therefore, Sergei says, studying the behavior of matter in the vicinity of black holes is a very interesting thing.
How To Find A Black Hole
At the end of their lives, massive stars can turn into black holes. And at the stage when they were just trying to find the first black holes, the question arose: how can they be detected. The first idea was this: stars, especially massive ones, are often born in pairs. One of these stars turns into a black hole, and we stop seeing it. Yet it continues to exist. We were supposed to be able to see the rotation of a nearby star around this invisible object, use calculations to measure its mass and find that there is a black hole in this place.
Sergey Popov says that historically this was the first proposed search method. Since the 60s, scientists have tried to look for them using this method, but found nothing. Over the past couple of years, possible candidates for the title of black holes have begun to appear, but scientists are not yet sure that they are paired with ordinary stars.
Black Holes
If we again turn to the black hole, which is adjacent to the star, then the matter from an ordinary star can flow into the hole. A black hole will suck in this matter with its gravity. If we imagine that two stones were thrown at it at the same time, they could collide over the horizon at a speed almost equal to the speed of light. In such a collision, a lot of energy will be released, which can be seen.
But the stars are not stones, but gas. When different layers of gas rub against each other, they heat up to millions of degrees, and this heat can be seen. Using this method, in the late 60s and early 70s, when the first X-ray detectors were launched into space, the first black holes were also discovered.
In the early 60s, it became clear that there are bright astronomical objects – quasars. Literally, “a radio source similar to a star.” These are the active nuclei of galaxies at the initial stage of development, in the center of which are supermassive black holes. You can find them even at very remote distances.
During the study of quasars, it became clear that this is a small source that is located in the center of a distant galaxy and at the same time emits a lot of energy. Popov says that when scientists discover a quasar, they are sure that a supermassive black hole “sits” there. Now this is the most massive way to discover black holes.
Black Holes
Almost all massive stars turn into black holes, but not all of them are in binary systems, or they do not have spillover. In this case, holes are searched for in a different way. Sergey says that a black hole strongly distorts the space-time around it, but here it is not so much the mass that is important, but the compactness. It is easy to understand, it is enough to imagine a sharp object.
This is an item with a very small area. If you just poke somewhere with your finger, you cannot pierce the surface, and if you press on the needle with the same force, then the finger that presses on it will pierce. So small objects with the same mass bend the space-time around them more strongly. This effect is called gravitational lensing.
Scientists are watching a star and suddenly notice that its brightness increases, and then falls back in a completely symmetrical way. Nothing happened to the star, but a massive object flew between us and the star. And this massive object, distorting space-time, collected light rays.
Black Holes
Therefore, it seems as if the luminosity of the star is increasing, but in fact, just more of its light was collected and came to us. A star with a mass of ten solar masses would shine very noticeably, scientists would not miss it. And in such observations, an absolutely dark object with a mass of about ten solar masses appears. What could it be? Only a black hole.
If there is a pair of black holes, then, merging, they will generate a gravitational wave surge. And in 2015, such bursts of gravitational radiation were detected for the first time. This is the last good way to search for black holes today.
Black Holes
How To Photograph A Black Hole
Sergei Popov suggests recalling films or books about the invisible man. He is not visible, but if he puts on clothes, we see the clothes. If he tries to hide, then you can sprinkle him with flour or notice traces. Black holes are studied in much the same way. Scientists can’t see the event horizon, and they can’t see the interior of a black hole, because nothing can cross the horizon back to us. But they study the behavior of matter around them.
What is commonly called a photograph of a black hole is actually an image of matter moving around a black hole. But there is indeed a dark region at the center because there is a black hole from which no light can come.
Black Holes
For the most part, black holes are small objects that are very far away from us. It was possible to see blackness inside the bright area only in one case. For a high-quality image, the largest black hole in the center of a relatively nearby galaxy was needed. Then the technical task arose – to get an image with sufficient detail. No telescope by itself can make such an image.
But if you combine several telescopes and spread them over long distances, then in terms of details they will work like one large telescope. It was in this way, with the help of several telescopes scattered almost all over the globe, that they managed to take a picture of what everyone calls a photograph of a black hole in the M87 galaxy. This photo is the only one so far.
To get something like a snapshot from other objects, scientists need new tools. Nevertheless, there are direct observations of the behavior of matter around various black holes, almost all the way to the horizon. Up to a distance only a few times the size of the black hole’s horizon.
For More Updates Click Here.
Fortnite Chapter 4 Season 3 Brings Transformers to Battle Pass
Fortnite, the immensely popular battle royale game, never fails to surprise its millions of players worldwide. With the launch of Fortnite Chapter 4 Season 3, the game has taken an exciting turn, introducing two thrilling elements: Transformers and the return of Raptors. This article delves into the details of these new additions to the Fortnite experience, exploring how they enhance gameplay and captivate players.
GameSpot: Fortnite Chapter 4 Season 3
Transformers in the Battle Pass:
One of the major highlights of Chapter 4 Season 3 is the incorporation of the iconic Transformers franchise into the game’s Battle Pass. Players now have the opportunity to obtain and use Transformers-themed cosmetic items, including character skins, back bling, harvesting tools, and more. This collaboration between Fortnite and Transformers brings beloved Autobots and Decepticons to the game, allowing fans to showcase their favorite robots in the battle arena.
As players progress through the Battle Pass tiers, they unlock various Transformers-themed rewards. From the heroic Optimus Prime and the powerful Bumblebee to the notorious Megatron, the range of available character skins appeals to both Fortnite enthusiasts and Transformers aficionados. This crossover not only adds visual flair to the game but also allows players to embody these legendary characters as they battle it out for victory.
Fortnite Chapter 4 Season 3: The Return of Raptors:
In addition to the Transformers extravaganza, Chapter 4 Season 3 marks the return of a fan-favorite element—Raptors. These prehistoric creatures have made a comeback, roaming the island and adding an element of danger and excitement to the gameplay. Players can encounter and tame Raptors, forming a bond with them as they explore the map and participate in battles.
Taming a Raptor offers several advantages in Fortnite. Raptors can be used as loyal companions, aiding players in combat scenarios. They possess unique abilities, such as the ability to track down nearby enemies or provide enhanced mobility. Players can also ride on the back of Raptors, allowing them to navigate the terrain swiftly and effectively. This reintroduction of Raptors injects a new layer of strategy and excitement into the game, encouraging players to adapt their gameplay tactics to utilize these formidable creatures to their advantage.
Impacts on Gameplay and Community:
GameSpot: Fortnite Chapter 4 Season 3
The introduction of Transformers and the return of Raptors significantly impact the gameplay experience and the Fortnite community as a whole. The addition of beloved Transformers characters and cosmetic items enhances player immersion and personalization, providing a fresh visual appeal and allowing fans to express their individuality within the game. The inclusion of Transformers-themed challenges and rewards also promotes engagement and rewards players for their progress.
Moreover, the reappearance of the Raptors brings back nostalgia for veteran players who may have enjoyed their presence in previous seasons. It also introduces an element of surprise for newcomers, presenting them with unique opportunities to explore the island, form new strategies, and forge connections with these virtual companions. The excitement and speculation surrounding these new additions foster a sense of community and shared enthusiasm among Fortnite players.
Conclusion:
Fortnite Chapter 4 Season 3 continues to captivate players with its innovative and exciting updates. The inclusion of Transformers in the Battle Pass and the return of Raptors offer players fresh and thrilling experiences within the game. The ability to don Transformers-themed cosmetic items and unlock beloved characters from the iconic franchise adds a new layer of personalization and fan engagement. Simultaneously, the return of Raptors injects unpredictability and strategic depth into the gameplay, encouraging players to adapt their tactics and embrace these prehistoric companions.
As Fortnite evolves and expands, these additions demonstrate the game’s commitment to delivering novel experiences and catering to the diverse interests of its player base. Whether players are thrilled to embody their favorite Transformers or eager to tame and ride Raptors, Chapter 4 Season 3 presents an exhilarating journey within the ever-evolving Fortnite universe.
For More Information, Click Here.
Federal Indictment Accuses Trump of Lying and Scheming to Keep Documents He Knew Were Classified
In a stunning development that has sent shockwaves through the political landscape, a federal indictment has been filed against former President Donald Trump, accusing him of lying and scheming to retain classified documents during his tenure in office.
The Hollywood Reporter: Trump Accused of Lying and Keeping Classified Documents
The allegations paint a damning picture of a leader willing to flout the law and undermine national security for personal gain. This article explores the details of the indictment and its potential implications for Trump’s legacy and the rule of law.
The Allegations:
According to the federal indictment, Trump knowingly and willfully lied about the classification status of certain documents, falsely claiming that they were unclassified and within his personal purview. In reality, the documents in question were highly sensitive and contained classified information vital to national security. By retaining these documents, Trump allegedly put the nation at risk and violated numerous federal laws and regulations.
The indictment further asserts that Trump engaged in a deliberate scheme to hide and conceal the classified documents from proper authorities. It alleges that he directed his staff to remove them from secure government systems and store them in private, unsecured locations, with the intent to control access to the information and avoid accountability. Such actions would be a clear violation of established protocols and procedures for handling classified information.
Legal Ramifications:
If convicted, Trump could face severe legal consequences, including imprisonment and hefty fines. Lying about the classification of documents and actively scheming to retain them could constitute offenses under the Espionage Act, which prohibits the unauthorized disclosure of classified information. Additionally, charges related to obstruction of justice and abuse of power may also come into play, as Trump’s actions appear to have been aimed at impeding investigations and undermining the integrity of the government.
Implications for National Security:
The indictment raises serious concerns about the potential impact on national security. Classified information is classified for a reason – it contains sensitive data that, if compromised, could endanger lives, compromise intelligence sources, and undermine vital operations. By knowingly retaining such information outside of authorized channels, Trump potentially exposed it to unauthorized access and misuse.
The alleged actions outlined in the indictment also reflect a dangerous disregard for established protocols and safeguards that are in place to protect national security. If those entrusted with the highest levels of authority can act with impunity and ignore the rules, it erodes public trust and weakens the foundations upon which our democratic institutions are built.
Political Fallout:
Beyond the legal ramifications, the indictment is likely to have far-reaching political consequences. Trump’s supporters may rally around him, dismissing the charges as politically motivated or part of a larger conspiracy to undermine his presidency. Conversely, his critics will view the indictment as further evidence of his disregard for the rule of law and his willingness to prioritize personal interests over the welfare of the nation.
The indictment could also impact Trump’s political ambitions, should he choose to run for office again. It will undoubtedly become a focal point in any future campaigns and may influence public opinion and voting patterns. The outcome of the legal proceedings will determine the weight of this indictment on Trump’s political future.
Conclusion:
The federal indictment accusing Donald Trump of lying and scheming to retain classified documents presents a serious challenge to his legacy and the rule of law. The allegations, if proven true, reveal a former president who knowingly violated national security protocols and endangered the country’s well-being for personal gain.
The legal and political implications of the indictment are substantial, and the case will undoubtedly be watched closely by observers around the world. As the proceedings unfold, the nation waits to see how justice will be served and what lasting impact this indictment will have on the United States political landscape.
For More Latest Updates, Click Here.
Odisha Train Accident Updates: A Tragic Incident and its Aftermath
On a fateful day in Odisha, a train accident shook the nation, resulting in significant loss of life and widespread devastation. This tragic incident has raised concerns about railway safety and highlighted the need for preventive measures to ensure the well-being of passengers. In this article, we will provide an overview of the Odisha train accident and explore the latest updates regarding the incident.
Odisha Train Accident Updates and Aftermath
The Odisha Train Accident:
On [Date], a train traveling from [Origin] to [Destination] in Odisha met with a disastrous accident. The train, carrying a significant number of passengers, derailed in the [Location] area, leading to a horrific chain of events. The precise cause of the accident is yet to be determined, but preliminary investigations suggest that it might be attributed to a faulty track or mechanical failure.
Casualties and Rescue Efforts:
The train accident resulted in a tragic loss of life and left numerous passengers injured. The exact number of casualties is still being verified, as rescue operations are ongoing. Upon receiving information about the accident, local authorities and railway personnel immediately mobilized resources for rescue and relief operations. Rescue teams, including medical personnel, were dispatched to the accident site to provide immediate assistance to the survivors.
Medical teams worked tirelessly to treat the injured and provide necessary medical aid. The injured passengers were quickly transported to nearby hospitals and medical facilities for further treatment. The local administration, along with railway authorities, coordinated their efforts to ensure timely and efficient rescue and relief operations.
Investigations and Accountability:
Following the Odisha train accident, investigations were initiated to determine the exact cause and to hold those responsible accountable. Railway authorities, along with experts from relevant fields, conducted thorough examinations of the accident site, the train, and the tracks. The investigation aims to identify any lapses in maintenance, safety protocols, or other factors that might have contributed to the accident.
Railway Safety Measures:
In the wake of the Odisha train accident, railway authorities have intensified their focus on enhancing safety measures. Regular track inspections and maintenance routines have been reinforced to identify and rectify any potential issues promptly. Additionally, technology-driven solutions, such as track monitoring systems and advanced signaling systems, are being explored to prevent similar accidents in the future.
The Indian Railways, which is one of the largest railway networks in the world, is constantly striving to improve safety standards. Lessons learned from such accidents are crucial in driving reforms and implementing robust safety protocols across the entire rail network.
Assistance to Victims and Their Families:
The government and railway authorities have extended their support to the victims and their families affected by the Odisha train accident. Compensation packages, including financial aid and medical assistance, have been announced for the victims and their kin. Special helplines and counseling services have also been set up to provide psychological support to those traumatized by the incident.
Conclusion:
The Odisha train accident serves as a tragic reminder of the importance of maintaining and upgrading railway infrastructure and safety protocols. As the investigations progress, it is hoped that the causes behind the accident will be identified, and measures will be taken to prevent similar incidents in the future. The focus must remain on ensuring the safety and well-being of passengers, and efforts should be made to implement the lessons learned from such incidents to create a more secure and reliable railway system.
While the nation mourns the loss of innocent lives, it is imperative that authorities and stakeholders work together to prevent such accidents from occurring again. By prioritizing safety, investing in infrastructure, and employing advanced technologies, we can strive to make railway travel in Odisha and across the country safer for everyone involved.
For More Latest Updates, Click Here.
Latest News2 years agoHow Much do Electric Vehicles Cost 2022
- Latest News1 year ago
Toxic People: A CEO Discusses the 5 of Toxic Individuals
- Games2 years ago
Here Are 20 Indoor Games That Will Keep Kids (& You) Happy And Active
- Games1 year ago
The Great War Western Front 2023 Ultimate Strategy Game
- Games11 months ago
Fortnite Chapter 4 Season 3 Brings Transformers to Battle Pass
- Latest News2 years ago
Best seven-seater electric and hybrid cars for 2022
- Latest News11 months ago
Trump Accused of Lying and Keeping Classified Documents Espionage
- Latest News11 months ago
Netflix’s Password-Sharing Crackdown Is Officially On
