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How Bacteria And Waste Help Make Oil Production Greener
How Bacteria And Waste Help Make Oil Production Greener
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Waste from industrial enterprises, ash from waste incineration, and anaerobic bacteria are actively used in the fuel and energy complex to optimize and increase oil and gas production. We tell you exactly how
At first glance, it seems that oil production and “green” technologies are at different poles. We will try to debunk this myth and talk about modern environmentally friendly methods that scientists (chemists, geologists) offer and are already used by oilmen.
The use of waste from industrial enterprises to increase oil production
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One of the “green” modern methods that allow for increasing oil production is the injection of various chemicals – including waste from industrial enterprises – into the reservoirs through injection or stopped production wells. In this case, oil production increases due to chemical processes resulting from the interaction of injected chemistry with rock and reservoir fluids (oil, water, and sometimes gas). Before pumping chemicals into the reservoir, laboratory tests are carried out to understand what maximum effect can be obtained.
Injection into reservoirs implies the presence of large volumes of chemicals, which cost the customer a large amount. Therefore, various cheap chemicals are being searched and researched. One of the solutions is the use of waste from industrial enterprises and thermal power plants.
Of course, not all waste can give a positive effect. In addition, part of the injected chemistry can be brought to the surface mixed with the extracted oil and water, which complicates the process of oil treatment and separates this chemistry from it. Therefore, this process is also studied in laboratory conditions. As a result, such wastes are selected that are most optimal for increasing oil production.
Successful examples include injection of ammonia water from chemical plants, or injection of alkaline water from thermal power plants. The discharge of such waters into rivers, of course, has a detrimental effect on the environment, and a fine is provided for this. But the amount of the fine is much lower than the cost of water treatment or disposal. And many companies often dumped this waste into rivers. Laboratory studies have shown the effectiveness in washing oil from the surface of the core pores with such waters. Thus, ammonia and alkaline water can be successfully used to increase oil production.
Use Of Petroleum Gas To Generate Electricity
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In the oil under the pressure of the overlying rocks, a gas is dissolved, which is called oil or associated. This is mainly methane, ethane, propane and other hydrocarbon gases: carbon dioxide, nitrogen. As oil rises to the surface, the pressure exerted on the oil in the well decreases, which leads to the release of dissolved gas. This gas, together with the liquid, reaches the oil treatment plants, where it is finally separated (separated from the oil). It turns out that petroleum gas is a by-product of oil production.
The question arises: what to do with it? It seems to be a valuable product, especially considering the recently increased gas price. But, oddly enough, the cheapest way to burn this gas is simply to burn it. This has been done for almost a hundred years. Particularly sad in this regard was, and partially still remains, the situation in Western Siberia, where there are a huge number of deposits and large uninhabited territories.
People flying in an airplane over this region at night say that the whole of Western Siberia is strewn with spotlights. Each such point is a torch on which petroleum gas is burned. For domestic purposes, such crude gas cannot be used because of the content (albeit a small amount) of hydrogen sulfide in it.
Since 2012, a law has been in force, according to which companies can burn no more than 5% of petroleum gas, the rest must be disposed of, that is, used for any needs or processed. Large companies that have the necessary infrastructure have set up gas processing plants. In remote places, gas is used either for own needs (for example, heating) or is still burned.
One of the ways to utilize associated gas is also to re-inject gas into oil reservoirs to increase reservoir pressure – as a method of increasing oil recovery. The implementation of such a project requires investments, technical capabilities and corresponding volumes of gas, so the technology is rarely used.
Another area that is gaining popularity is the use of petroleum gas to generate electricity. In this case, much less investment is required, and the efficiency is obvious. Depending on the volume of gas, gas generators are able to supply not only lighting and heating to industrial facilities, but also provide electricity to pumps in wells.
How does incineration ash increase oil production?
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Nanoparticles make it possible, due to chemical-physical processes, to better wash oil from the surface of the formation pores. Nanoparticles are understood to mean particles ranging in size from units to hundreds of nanometers (nm). Such particles are smaller than the pore channels in the reservoir: as a result, they can freely pass deep into the reservoir when they are injected. That is, when pumping water, to which nanoparticles are added, the volume of oil from production wells increases.
The only disadvantage of nanoparticles is their high cost. Therefore, various oil and gas and service companies are conducting a lot of research to find cheap nanoparticles. One solution is to use ashes from waste incineration. Ash particles during complete combustion have an average size of 50-250 nm, which is much smaller than the size of the pore channels, which average 500-1500 nm for traditional collectors.
I participated in the creation of this technology. Initially, we conducted research on wood ash. Moreover, I put forward the idea of using ashes when I heard from my grandmother that earlier in the villages there was no shampoo and people washed their hair with water infused with wood ash.
Such water successfully laundered dirt and grease. The same mechanism is in the reservoir: when water with ash washes oil from the surface of the rock pores. In laboratory conditions, we conducted core studies and compared how much oil can be recovered by injecting formation water and water with nanoparticles. It turned out that in the second case, about 25% more.
However, no one will burn the forest for the sake of extracting oil – this is not efficient, environmentally friendly, and costly. Therefore, we conducted studies on the ash remaining after coal mining in thermal power plants. The volumes of such ash are quite large and are a waste of production. Studies have shown a slightly lower efficiency – about 20%, but nevertheless still quite high.
How do bacteria help extract oil and produce gas from coal?
“Green” technologies also include the use of bacteria in oil and gas production, since the hydrocarbons obtained in this way have passed through their vital activity. Bacteria living in the water, which is located in the pores of the formation rock, are anaerobic, that is, they do not need oxygen. The most common variant of their application is to increase oil recovery.
To do this, nutrients (feed) are pumped into the reservoir for the “reservoir” bacteria that feed on them. The waste products are mainly biological surfactants (essentially “washing powder”) that help wash oil from the pore surface of the rock, resulting in increased oil production. In addition, colonies of such bacteria grow, which helps to block the zones washed by injected or formation water and allows for reducing the water cut of the wells.
Modern reservoir engineering technologies also include biotechnology. Cores and fluids taken from the reservoir generally always contain water, in which anaerobic bacteria live. Under surface conditions, they do not survive, but their DNA remains. In each layer, over thousands of years, bacteria form with their own set of DNA, which differs from the neighboring layer, if these layers are not interconnected.
The study of bacterial DNA on the samples of cores and/or fluids from different wells makes it possible to determine whether the reservoirs are connected to each other, from which specific reservoirs oil is being produced, in what percentage is the production from one or another reservoir distributed.
The latest technology using bacteria is the production of gas from coal. Coal seams can occur at depths of several kilometers. Building a mine of such depth is not always profitable. It is easier to drill wells and act on these formations. Of course, coal cannot be produced at the same time, but it is quite possible to extract another valuable product – methane.
To do this, the bacteria that live in coal seams, which feed on coal, are first studied in the laboratory and additional nutrients are selected for them. Then, nutrient solutions are pumped through the wells, which leads to the rapid growth of bacterial colonies, which, in addition to nutrients, also eat coal, producing methane. The resulting methane is taken from the wells.
Thus, the “green” technologies used in the fuel and energy complex make it possible to dispose of industrial waste and create closed-loop production, when the by-products of oil and gas production are reused and used to increase well production, as well as conduct important research for oil and gas development.
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Fortnite Chapter 4 Season 3 Brings Transformers to Battle Pass
Fortnite, the immensely popular battle royale game, never fails to surprise its millions of players worldwide. With the launch of Fortnite Chapter 4 Season 3, the game has taken an exciting turn, introducing two thrilling elements: Transformers and the return of Raptors. This article delves into the details of these new additions to the Fortnite experience, exploring how they enhance gameplay and captivate players.
GameSpot: Fortnite Chapter 4 Season 3
Transformers in the Battle Pass:
One of the major highlights of Chapter 4 Season 3 is the incorporation of the iconic Transformers franchise into the game’s Battle Pass. Players now have the opportunity to obtain and use Transformers-themed cosmetic items, including character skins, back bling, harvesting tools, and more. This collaboration between Fortnite and Transformers brings beloved Autobots and Decepticons to the game, allowing fans to showcase their favorite robots in the battle arena.
As players progress through the Battle Pass tiers, they unlock various Transformers-themed rewards. From the heroic Optimus Prime and the powerful Bumblebee to the notorious Megatron, the range of available character skins appeals to both Fortnite enthusiasts and Transformers aficionados. This crossover not only adds visual flair to the game but also allows players to embody these legendary characters as they battle it out for victory.
Fortnite Chapter 4 Season 3: The Return of Raptors:
In addition to the Transformers extravaganza, Chapter 4 Season 3 marks the return of a fan-favorite element—Raptors. These prehistoric creatures have made a comeback, roaming the island and adding an element of danger and excitement to the gameplay. Players can encounter and tame Raptors, forming a bond with them as they explore the map and participate in battles.
Taming a Raptor offers several advantages in Fortnite. Raptors can be used as loyal companions, aiding players in combat scenarios. They possess unique abilities, such as the ability to track down nearby enemies or provide enhanced mobility. Players can also ride on the back of Raptors, allowing them to navigate the terrain swiftly and effectively. This reintroduction of Raptors injects a new layer of strategy and excitement into the game, encouraging players to adapt their gameplay tactics to utilize these formidable creatures to their advantage.
Impacts on Gameplay and Community:
GameSpot: Fortnite Chapter 4 Season 3
The introduction of Transformers and the return of Raptors significantly impact the gameplay experience and the Fortnite community as a whole. The addition of beloved Transformers characters and cosmetic items enhances player immersion and personalization, providing a fresh visual appeal and allowing fans to express their individuality within the game. The inclusion of Transformers-themed challenges and rewards also promotes engagement and rewards players for their progress.
Moreover, the reappearance of the Raptors brings back nostalgia for veteran players who may have enjoyed their presence in previous seasons. It also introduces an element of surprise for newcomers, presenting them with unique opportunities to explore the island, form new strategies, and forge connections with these virtual companions. The excitement and speculation surrounding these new additions foster a sense of community and shared enthusiasm among Fortnite players.
Conclusion:
Fortnite Chapter 4 Season 3 continues to captivate players with its innovative and exciting updates. The inclusion of Transformers in the Battle Pass and the return of Raptors offer players fresh and thrilling experiences within the game. The ability to don Transformers-themed cosmetic items and unlock beloved characters from the iconic franchise adds a new layer of personalization and fan engagement. Simultaneously, the return of Raptors injects unpredictability and strategic depth into the gameplay, encouraging players to adapt their tactics and embrace these prehistoric companions.
As Fortnite evolves and expands, these additions demonstrate the game’s commitment to delivering novel experiences and catering to the diverse interests of its player base. Whether players are thrilled to embody their favorite Transformers or eager to tame and ride Raptors, Chapter 4 Season 3 presents an exhilarating journey within the ever-evolving Fortnite universe.
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Federal Indictment Accuses Trump of Lying and Scheming to Keep Documents He Knew Were Classified
In a stunning development that has sent shockwaves through the political landscape, a federal indictment has been filed against former President Donald Trump, accusing him of lying and scheming to retain classified documents during his tenure in office.
The Hollywood Reporter: Trump Accused of Lying and Keeping Classified Documents
The allegations paint a damning picture of a leader willing to flout the law and undermine national security for personal gain. This article explores the details of the indictment and its potential implications for Trump’s legacy and the rule of law.
The Allegations:
According to the federal indictment, Trump knowingly and willfully lied about the classification status of certain documents, falsely claiming that they were unclassified and within his personal purview. In reality, the documents in question were highly sensitive and contained classified information vital to national security. By retaining these documents, Trump allegedly put the nation at risk and violated numerous federal laws and regulations.
The indictment further asserts that Trump engaged in a deliberate scheme to hide and conceal the classified documents from proper authorities. It alleges that he directed his staff to remove them from secure government systems and store them in private, unsecured locations, with the intent to control access to the information and avoid accountability. Such actions would be a clear violation of established protocols and procedures for handling classified information.
Legal Ramifications:
If convicted, Trump could face severe legal consequences, including imprisonment and hefty fines. Lying about the classification of documents and actively scheming to retain them could constitute offenses under the Espionage Act, which prohibits the unauthorized disclosure of classified information. Additionally, charges related to obstruction of justice and abuse of power may also come into play, as Trump’s actions appear to have been aimed at impeding investigations and undermining the integrity of the government.
Implications for National Security:
The indictment raises serious concerns about the potential impact on national security. Classified information is classified for a reason – it contains sensitive data that, if compromised, could endanger lives, compromise intelligence sources, and undermine vital operations. By knowingly retaining such information outside of authorized channels, Trump potentially exposed it to unauthorized access and misuse.
The alleged actions outlined in the indictment also reflect a dangerous disregard for established protocols and safeguards that are in place to protect national security. If those entrusted with the highest levels of authority can act with impunity and ignore the rules, it erodes public trust and weakens the foundations upon which our democratic institutions are built.
Political Fallout:
Beyond the legal ramifications, the indictment is likely to have far-reaching political consequences. Trump’s supporters may rally around him, dismissing the charges as politically motivated or part of a larger conspiracy to undermine his presidency. Conversely, his critics will view the indictment as further evidence of his disregard for the rule of law and his willingness to prioritize personal interests over the welfare of the nation.
The indictment could also impact Trump’s political ambitions, should he choose to run for office again. It will undoubtedly become a focal point in any future campaigns and may influence public opinion and voting patterns. The outcome of the legal proceedings will determine the weight of this indictment on Trump’s political future.
Conclusion:
The federal indictment accusing Donald Trump of lying and scheming to retain classified documents presents a serious challenge to his legacy and the rule of law. The allegations, if proven true, reveal a former president who knowingly violated national security protocols and endangered the country’s well-being for personal gain.
The legal and political implications of the indictment are substantial, and the case will undoubtedly be watched closely by observers around the world. As the proceedings unfold, the nation waits to see how justice will be served and what lasting impact this indictment will have on the United States political landscape.
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Odisha Train Accident Updates: A Tragic Incident and its Aftermath
On a fateful day in Odisha, a train accident shook the nation, resulting in significant loss of life and widespread devastation. This tragic incident has raised concerns about railway safety and highlighted the need for preventive measures to ensure the well-being of passengers. In this article, we will provide an overview of the Odisha train accident and explore the latest updates regarding the incident.
Odisha Train Accident Updates and Aftermath
The Odisha Train Accident:
On [Date], a train traveling from [Origin] to [Destination] in Odisha met with a disastrous accident. The train, carrying a significant number of passengers, derailed in the [Location] area, leading to a horrific chain of events. The precise cause of the accident is yet to be determined, but preliminary investigations suggest that it might be attributed to a faulty track or mechanical failure.
Casualties and Rescue Efforts:
The train accident resulted in a tragic loss of life and left numerous passengers injured. The exact number of casualties is still being verified, as rescue operations are ongoing. Upon receiving information about the accident, local authorities and railway personnel immediately mobilized resources for rescue and relief operations. Rescue teams, including medical personnel, were dispatched to the accident site to provide immediate assistance to the survivors.
Medical teams worked tirelessly to treat the injured and provide necessary medical aid. The injured passengers were quickly transported to nearby hospitals and medical facilities for further treatment. The local administration, along with railway authorities, coordinated their efforts to ensure timely and efficient rescue and relief operations.
Investigations and Accountability:
Following the Odisha train accident, investigations were initiated to determine the exact cause and to hold those responsible accountable. Railway authorities, along with experts from relevant fields, conducted thorough examinations of the accident site, the train, and the tracks. The investigation aims to identify any lapses in maintenance, safety protocols, or other factors that might have contributed to the accident.
Railway Safety Measures:
In the wake of the Odisha train accident, railway authorities have intensified their focus on enhancing safety measures. Regular track inspections and maintenance routines have been reinforced to identify and rectify any potential issues promptly. Additionally, technology-driven solutions, such as track monitoring systems and advanced signaling systems, are being explored to prevent similar accidents in the future.
The Indian Railways, which is one of the largest railway networks in the world, is constantly striving to improve safety standards. Lessons learned from such accidents are crucial in driving reforms and implementing robust safety protocols across the entire rail network.
Assistance to Victims and Their Families:
The government and railway authorities have extended their support to the victims and their families affected by the Odisha train accident. Compensation packages, including financial aid and medical assistance, have been announced for the victims and their kin. Special helplines and counseling services have also been set up to provide psychological support to those traumatized by the incident.
Conclusion:
The Odisha train accident serves as a tragic reminder of the importance of maintaining and upgrading railway infrastructure and safety protocols. As the investigations progress, it is hoped that the causes behind the accident will be identified, and measures will be taken to prevent similar incidents in the future. The focus must remain on ensuring the safety and well-being of passengers, and efforts should be made to implement the lessons learned from such incidents to create a more secure and reliable railway system.
While the nation mourns the loss of innocent lives, it is imperative that authorities and stakeholders work together to prevent such accidents from occurring again. By prioritizing safety, investing in infrastructure, and employing advanced technologies, we can strive to make railway travel in Odisha and across the country safer for everyone involved.
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